Medical Care Lab Tests And Clinical Diagnostic Tests

In medical care lab tests and clinical diagnostic tests are an essential part. These tests are defined as tests performed on samples taken from and on the body, and are used in a broad range of applications. Clinical diagnostic tests and lab tests are used to aid physicians, patients, and caregivers in reaching a decision. Both of these tests provide objective information about a person’s health. With this information health care providers can use this for risk assessment purposes that determine how a medical condition is or will be. There are other tests that use the information to monitor the course of a disease or to assess a patient’s response to treatments. A lot of the time, results from tests can provide information that along with patient’s history helps physicians decide what might be appropriate action to take for additional treatment and testing. To help maintain a healthy living is eating and exercising the right way. Nutrition is the number one way t o make sure people avoid any deficiencies or health problems. There are many lab tests and clinical diagnostic tests to take and keeping up with yearly checkups is an important way to ensure great health. Today there are five tests that will be written about and that are important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle which include: iron, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, bilirubin, and triglycerides. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, â€Å"Iron is a mineral found in every cell of the body. Iron isShow MoreRelatedThe President Of The United States1243 Words   |  5 Pagesof government subsidy health care utilize ACA annual preventative care benefit before annual renewal There is no denying The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (more commonly known as ACA) is the largest health care reform in America’s history. ACA has provided affordable health care to millions of uninsured Americans nationwide. The ACA health care plans on the exchange (Marketplace) have to meet certain criteria, including provide free preventative care. As our economic conditions changedRead MoreThe Medical Laboratories : An Evaluation Of Patient Safety, And Diagnosis Of Patients With Chronic And Acute Diseases1565 Words   |  7 PagesThe medical laboratories are critical in monitoring and diagnosis of patients with chronic and acute diseases. Some of these specialized tests are only available in the central labs or reference labs. Today advances in technology and innovation have led to the emergence of point of care diagnostics (POCD) that allow for some of the routine tests to be performed rapidly outside the central labs and closer to the patients. POCD can be performed in several setups such as patient bedside in hospitalsRead MoreCase Analysis : Wonderland Laboratories807 Words   |  4 PagesOpening paragraph (optional); Current state of the enterprise description; Wonderland Laboratories is driven to discover and deliver diagnostic insights that help improve human health. Wonderland is currently based in northern California. It is California’s leading provider of single molecule counting (SMC) technology for clinical diagnostics. Wonderland s patented SMC technology allows physicians to detect biomarkers of disease that were previously undetectable. With the help of SMC technologyRead MorePatient Centric Systems : Patients1339 Words   |  6 PagesPatient-Centric Systems Patients’ medical information is dispersed among many health provider’s information systems which make it difficult to manage and share health data. Having a patient-centric view in healthcare involves utilizing health information technology (HIT). 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Benefits of CIS Implementation for Patients It is very interesting to note that whenever a patient goes to the doctor’s office or the hospital and they haveRead MoreComparison Between Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( Rdt ) And Light Microscopy Of Plasmodium Species1668 Words   |  7 Pages The comparison between Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT’s) and Light Microscopy of Plasmodium Species in Karachi Dr. Nida Baig, Ayaz Ahmed Department of Clinical Pathology, Dow institute of Medical Technology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi Abstract Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of RDT malaria p.f/p.v using microscopy as the gold standard diagnosis. Methods: 300 patients of both sexes and all age groups with clinical doubt of malaria were studied. Venous bloodRead MoreQuest Diagnostics : The World s Leading Provider Of Diagnostic Information Services788 Words   |  4 Pages Quest Diagnostics Incorporated is a publicly traded Fortune 500 company providing clinical laboratory services. The company is the world’s leading provider of diagnostic information services serving half of the physicians and hospital in the U.S. Quest Diagnostics provides patient services through diagnostic information services and clinical lab testing. Quest Diagnostics competes with three types of laboratory providers: hospital-affiliated laboratories, other commercial clinical laboratoriesRead MoreMedical Data And Electronic Medical Records1761 Words   |  8 PagesThe Clinical Laboratory in the Inpatient setting has evolved over the years. Electronic data and electronic medical records’ demand require medical documentation to be proce ssed fast and accurate daily. I selected the Clinical Laboratory Department because the amount of data that is processed in these departments is impressive. I covered three main points in my report: (i) an overview of the department, (ii) the role of Health Informatics in the Clinical Laboratory, and (iii) the impact of the advancesRead MoreHuman Subjects : The Current Proposal Involves Testing834 Words   |  4 Pagesdisease diagnostics such as infectious diseases, cancer, etc. Dr. Vo-Dinh’s lab laboratory has pioneered the SERS-based gene probe technology and has reported the selective detection of HIV DNA and the breast cancer gene BRCA1 using the SERS gene technology. His lab has developed several novel molecular analytical technologies for DNA, mRNA and miRNA analysis. Moreover, his laboratory has developed different chemical and biological sensing methods for environmental monitoring and medical diagnosticsRead MoreA Brief Note On Clinical Laboratory Science Managemen t Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Reimbursement in the Laboratory Tiffanee James November 14, 2016 Clinical Laboratory Science Management Georgia McCauley PhD, MBA, MT(AMT), CRA â€Æ' Introduction One thing that is consistent in healthcare is that healthcare is forever evolving. With the concept of evolution, one particular area that plays a major role in how the healthcare system evolves is revenue. In addition, healthcare facilities receive payment for the services provided. When exploring healthcare services reimbursement

Health Psychology Free Essays

string(274) " model 22 WHAT ARE HEALTH BEHAVIOURS\? Integrating these different health beliefs: developing models 24 COGNITION MODELS 24 vi Page 6 Black blue Page 7 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS The health belief model 24 The protection motivation theory 27 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 2\." third third edition edition Health Psychology: A Textbook third edition Praise for the previous edition: â€Å"The volume of work undertaken by Ogden for the first edition of her textbook was impressive, and the second edition is even better†¦ As a text aimed at undergraduate psychology students, it is hard to fault. † Times Higher Education Supplement (The Textbook Guide) Health Psychology: A Textbook has made a major contribution to the teaching and study of this rapidly expanding discipline. Maintaining its strong review of theory and research and its details of behaviours such as smoking, exercise, eating and screening, the third edition has been substantially revised to provide increased coverage of the biological aspects of health and illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now This book now provides the most accessible and comprehensive guide to the field. JANE OGDEN Praise for this edition â€Å"This third edition has now been extensively updated and considerably strengthened in a number of key areas †¦ it provides a clear, comprehensive and up-to-date overview of a wide range of research and theory †¦ t clearly deserves to maintain its place as the number one choice of health psychology textbook. † John Weinman, King’s College, London HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY A TEXTBOOK Many new features have been incorporated into this edition to further aid students and teachers, including: The new two-colour layout has been designed with students in mind, including clear illustrations, boxed discussion points, and specific research boxes. New to this edition: Online Learning Centre (OLC) www. openup. co. uk/ogden with great materials for students and lecturers. Resources include further readings, â€Å"Focus on Research† boxes, web links, sample essay questions, chapter overviews, PowerPoint slides and an instructor resource manual. The OLC content enhances the learning experience for students and provides support for lecturers teaching the subject. Health Psychology: A Textbook is essential reading for all students and researchers of health psychology and for students of medicine, nursing and allied health courses. Jane Ogden is a Reader in Health Psychology at Guy’s, King’s and St. Thomas’s School of Medicine, University of London, where she carries out research into health-related behaviours and teaches health psychology to both medical and psychology students. cover design: Kate Prentice H E A LT H P S Y C H O L O G Y †¢ Additional, entirely new chapter on stress; now two chapters address this key topic †¢ Expanded and improved section on psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) †¢ Expanded chapter on pain †¢ New section on the consequences of coronary heart disease (CHD) and rehabilitation of CHD patients †¢ New chapter on eating behaviour †¢ New coverage of problems associated with social cognition models ISBN 0-335-21471-1 9 780335 214716 JANE OGDEN Page 1 Black blue Health Psychology Page 1 Black blue Page Page 2 Black blue Page 2 Black blue Page 3 Black blue Health Psychology A Textbook Third edition Jane Ogden Page 3 Black blue Page 4 Black blue Health Psychology: A textbook 3rd edition Open University Press McGraw-Hill Education McGraw-Hill House Shoppenhangers Road Maidenhead Berkshire England SL6 2QL email: enquiries@openup. co. uk world wide web: www. openup. co. uk and Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2289, USA First published 2004 Copyright  © Jane Ogden 2004 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 4LP. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 335 21471 1 (pb) 335 21487 8 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data CIP data applied for Typeset by Re? neCatch Limited, Bungay, Su? olk Printed in Spain by Mateu Cromo Artes Gra? cas, SA, Madrid Page 4 Black blue Page 5 Black blue B RIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Detailed table of contents vi List of ? gures and tables xx Preface to the third edition xxii Technology to enhance learning and teaching Acknowledgements xxvii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 xxv An introduction to health psychology 1 Health beliefs 13 Illness cognitions 47 Doctor–patient communication and the role of health rofessionals’ health beliefs 75 Smoking and alcohol use 99 Eating behaviour 133 Exercise 167 Sex 183 Screening 211 Stress 233 Stress and illness 251 Pain 285 Placebos and the interrelationship between beliefs, behaviour and health 307 HIV and cancer: psychology throughout the course of illness (1) 327 Obesity and coronary heart disease: psychology throughout the course of illness (2) 351 Measuring health status: from mortality rates to quality of life 383 The assumptions of health psychology 397 Methodology glossary References 405 Index 459 403 v Page 5 Black blue Page 6 Black blue D ETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS List of ? gures and tables xx Preface to the third edition xxii Technology to enhance learning and teaching Acknowledgements xxvii xxv 1: An introduction to health psychology CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1 1 THE BACKGROUND TO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL? THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 2 2 3 Psychosomatic medicine 3 Behavioural health 3 Behavioural medicine 3 Health psychology 4 WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY? WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY? 6 7 The clinical health psychologist 7 A professional health psychologist 8 WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF THIS BOOK? 8 A note on theory and health psychology 8 A note on methodology and health psychology 9 9 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK 10 QUESTIONS 11 FOR DISCUSSION 11 FURTHER READING 11 THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK 2: Health beliefs CHAPTER OVERVIEW 13 13 14 WHY STUDY HEALTH BEHAVIOURS? 14 McKeown’s thesis 14 LAY THEORIES ABOUT HEALTH 18 PREDICTING HEALTH BEHAVIOURS 18 Attribution theory 19 Health locus of control 20 Unrealistic optimism 21 The stages of change model 22 WHAT ARE HEALTH BEHAVIOURS? Integrating these different health beliefs: developing models 24 COGNITION MODELS 24 vi Page 6 Black blue Page 7 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS The health belief model 24 The protection motivation theory 27 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 2. 1: TESTING A THEORY – PREDICTING SEXUAL 28 BEHAVIOUR SOCIAL COGNITION MODELS 31 The theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour 31 The health action process approach 34 PROBLEMS WITH THE MODELS 36 Conceptual problems 36 Methodological problems 36 Predictive problems 37 Predicting intentions: the need to incorporate new cognitions 37 Predicting behaviour: exploring the intention–behaviour gap 39 Developing theory based interventions 41 Putting theory into practice 42 Existing theory based interventions 43 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS 43 44 44 FOR DISCUSSION ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 44 45 FURTHER READING 3: Illness cognitions CHAPTER OVERVIEW 47 47 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE HEALTHY? WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE ILL? WHAT ARE ILLNESS COGNITIONS? 48 49 49 Evidence for these dimensions of illness cognitions 50 Measuring illness cognitions 51 LEVENTHAL’S SELF-REGULATORY MODEL OF ILLNESS COGNITIONS 53 Stage 1: Interpretation 54 Stage 2: Coping 54 Stage 3: Appraisal 54 WHY IS THE MODEL CALLED SELF-REGULATORY? 54 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 3. 1: TESTING A THEORY – ILLNESS REPRESENTATIONS AND COPING 55 Problems with assessment 58 STAGE 1: INTERPRETATION 58 Symptom perception 58 Social messages 60 STAGE 2: COPING 61 Coping with a diagnosis 61 Coping with the crisis of illness 62 Page 7 Black blue vii Page 8 viii Black blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Adjustment to physical illness and the theory of cognitive adaptation 67 The role of illusions 68 Implications for the outcome of the coping process 69 THE POSITIVE INTERPRETATION OF ILLNESS 69 USING THE SELF-REGULATORY MODEL TO PREDICT OUTCOMES 70 Predicting adherence to treatment 70 Predicting recovery from stroke 70 Predicting recovery from MI 71 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS 71 72 FOR DISCUSSION 72 ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 72 73 FURTHER READING : Doctor–patient communication and the role of health professionals’ health beliefs 75 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 75 WHAT IS COMPLIANCE? 77 PREDICTING WHETHER PATIENTS ARE COMPLIANT: THE WORK OF LEY 77 Patient satisfaction 77 Patient understanding 78 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 4. 1: TESTING A THEORY – PATIENT SATISFACTION 79 Patient’s recall 81 HOW CAN COMPLIANCE BE IM PROVED? 81 The role of information 82 Recommendations for improving compliance 82 THE WIDER ROLE OF INFORMATION IN ILLNESS 83 Information and recovery from surgery 83 Using information to improve recovery 83 THE ROLE OF KNOWLEDGE IN DOCTOR–PATIENT COMMUNICATION 84 Problems with the traditional approach to doctor–patient communication 85 The adherence model of communication 85 THE PROBLEM OF DOCTOR VARIABILITY 85 Explaining variability – clinical decision making as problem solving 86 Explaining variability – the role of health professionals’ health beliefs 89 Communicating beliefs to patients 91 Explaining variability – an interaction between health professional and patient 92 Patient centredness 92 Agreement between health professional and patient 93 TO CONCLUDE 95 QUESTIONS 95 FOR DISCUSSION 96 Page 8 Black blue Page 9 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING ix 96 96 5: Smoking and alcohol use 99 99 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 100 WHO DRINKS? 101 WHO SMOKES? HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF SMOKING AND ALCOHOL USE 101 Is smoking bad for health? 101 Is alcohol consumption bad for health? 102 WHAT IS AN ADDICTION? 103 HISTORICAL CHANGES IN ATTITUDE AND THEORETICAL APPROACH 104 The seventeenth century and the moral model of addictions 104 The nineteenth century and the 1st disease concept 105 The twentieth century and the 2nd disease concept 105 The 1970s and onwards – social learning theory 105 106 A pre-existing physical abnormality 106 WHAT IS THE 2ND DISEASE CONCEPT? A pre-existing psychological abnormality 107 Acquired dependency 107 107 WHAT IS THE SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE? 108 PROBLEMS WITH A DISEASE MODEL OF ADDICTION The processes involved in learning an addictive behaviour 108 Integrating a disease and social learning perspective 109 THE STAGES OF SUBSTANCE USE 110 STAGES 1 AND 2: INITIATING AND MAINTAINING AN ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR 110 Smoking initiation and maintenance 110 Alcohol initiation and maintenance 112 Psychological predictors of alcohol limitation and maintenance 112 STAGE 3: THE CESSATION OF AN ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR 113 The process of cessation 113 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 5. : TESTING A THEORY – STAGES OF SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE CESSATION 115 116 Clinical interventions: promoting individual change 116 Public health interventions: promoting cessation in populations 120 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 5. 2: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE – WORKSITE SMOKING BAN 122 Methodological problems evaluating clinical and public he alth interventions STAGE 4: RELAPSE IN SMOKING AND DRINKING 124 Baseline state 125 Pre-lapse state 126 No lapse or lapse? 126 The abstinence violation effect 127 Page 9 Black blue 124 Page 10 x Black blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY A CROSS-ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOUR PERSPECTIVE 128 Smoking and eating behaviour 128 129 QUESTIONS 130 FOR DISCUSSION 130 TO CONCLUDE ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 130 131 FURTHER READING 6: Eating behaviour CHAPTER OVERVIEW 133 133 WHAT IS A HEALTHY DIET? 134 HOW DOES DIET AFFECT HEALTH? 134 Diet and illness onset 135 Diet and treating illness 135 WHO EATS A HEALTHY DIET? 136 DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF EATING BEHAVIOUR 137 Exposure 137 Social learning 138 Associative learning 141 Problems with a developmental model 142 COGNITIVE MODELS OF EATING BEHAVIOUR 143 Using the TRA and TPB 143 Adding extra variables 144 Problems with a cognitive model of eating behaviour 145 A WEIGHT CONCERN MODEL OF EATING BEHAVIOUR 146 The meaning of food and weight 146 What is body dissatisfaction? 146 THE CAUSES OF BODY DISSATISFACTION SOCIAL FACTORS 148 148 The role of the media 148 Ethnicity 149 Social class 149 The family 150 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Beliefs DIETING 150 151 153 Dieting and undereating 153 Dieting and overeating 153 The causes of overeating 154 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 6. 1: TESTING A THEORY – OVEREATING AS A REBELLION Dieting and weight loss 162 The role of dieting in mood and cognitive changes 163 Problems with a weight concern model of eating behaviour 164 TO CONCLUDE 164 Page 10 Black blue 160 Page 11 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTIONS 164 FOR DISCUSSION FURTHER READING 7: Exercise 164 165 167 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 167 DEVELOPING THE CONTEMPORARY CONCERN WITH EXERCISE BEHAVIOUR 168 168 169 WHY EXERCISE? 169 WHAT IS EXERCISE? WHO EXERCISES? The physical bene? ts of exercise 170 The psychological bene? ts of exercise 171 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 7. 1: TESTING A THEORY – EXERCISE AND MOOD WHAT FACTORS PREDICT EXERCISE? 173 174 Social/political predictors of exercise 174 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 7. 2: TESTING A THEORY – PREDICTING EXERCISE EXERCISE RELAPSE 179 181 181 182 FOR DISCUSSION 182 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 8: Sex 182 182 183 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 183 DEVELOPING THE CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ON SEX Sex as biological, for reproduction 184 Sex as biological, for pleasure 184 Sex as a risk to health 185 Sex as interaction 186 Sex as a risk and pregnancy avoidance 186 What is contraceptive use? 187 Who uses contraception? 187 Developmental models 187 Decision-making models 190 Integrating developmental and decision-making approaches to contraception use 192 SEX AS A RISK IN THE CONTEXT OF STDs/HIV AND AIDS Do people use condoms? 195 Predicting condom use 197 Social cognition models 197 Perceptions of susceptibility – are you at risk? 200 Sex as an interaction between individuals 201 Page 11 Black blue 194 184 xi Page 12 xii Black blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON RESEARCH 8. 1: TESTING A THEORY – THE SITUATION AND CONDOM USE 201 THE BROADER SOCIAL CONTEXT 204 Sex education 204 Power relations between men and women 206 Social norms of the gay community 206 Discourses about sex, HIV and illness 207 207 208 FOR DISCUSSION 208 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 209 FURTHER READING 9: Screening 208 211 CHAPTER OVERVIEW WHAT IS SCREENING? 211 212 THE HISTORY OF THE SCREENING ETHOS 212 Early screening programmes 212 Recent screening programmes 213 213 GUIDELINES FOR SCREENING 214 SCREENING AS A USEFUL TOOL PSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF THE UPTAKE OF SCREENING 215 Patient factors 215 Health professional factors 216 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 9. 1: TESTING A THEORY – PREDICTING SCREENING Organizational factors 220 SCREENING AS PROBLEMATIC 220 Is screening ethical? 221 Is screening cost-effective? 224 The effects of screening on the psychological state of the individual 226 The debates 226 Why has this backlash happened? 229 230 230 FOR DISCUSSION 230 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 10: Stress 230 231 FURTHER READING 233 233 234 CHAPTER OVERVIEW WHAT IS STRESS? THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRESS MODELS 234 Cannon’s ? ght or ? ight model 234 Page 12 Black blue 217 Page 13 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Selye’s general adaptation syndrome 234 Life events theory 235 A ROLE FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN STRESS 238 The transactional model of stress 238 Does appraisal in? uence the stress response? 239 What events are appraised as stressful? 240 Self-control and stress 240 241 STRESS AND CHANGES IN PHYSIOLOGY Stress reactivity 242 243 Laboratory setting 243 Naturalistic setting 243 MEASURING STRESS Physiological measures 244 Self-report measures 244 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 10. 1: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE 246 Laboratory versus naturalistic measures 247 Physiological versus self-report measures 248 THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 248 TO CONCLUDE 248 QUESTIONS 249 FOR DISCUSSION 249 OF STRESS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 250 11: Stress and illness CHAPTER OVERVIEW 250 251 251 DOES STRESS CAUSE ILLNESS? 252 How does stress cause illness? 252 The chronic process 253 The acute process 253 STRESS AND CHANGES IN BEHAVIOUR 54 Smoking 254 Alcohol 255 Eating 255 Exercise 256 Accidents 256 Illness as a stressor 256 STRESS AND CHANGES IN PHYSIOLOGY 257 Stress and illness onset and progression 257 Interaction between the behavioural and physiological pathways 258 INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY IN THE STRESS–ILLNESS LINK Stress reactivity 258 Stress recovery 259 Page 13 Black blue 258 xiii Page 14 xiv B lack blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Allostatic load 259 Stress resistance 259 PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI) 260 The immune system 260 Conditioning the immune system 260 Measuring immune changes 261 Psychological state and immunity 261 Mood 261 Beliefs 262 Emotional expression 262 Stress 264 THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC STRESS 265 Job stress 265 Relationship stress 266 WHICH FACTORS MODERATE THE STRESS–ILLNESS LINK? 267 COPING 268 What is coping? 268 Ways of coping 269 Measuring coping 271 SOCIAL SUPPORT 273 What is social support? 273 Does social support affect health? 273 How does social support in? uence health? 273 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 11. 1: TESTING A THEORY: SOCIAL SUPPORT AND HEALTH PERSONALITY 276 Who is hostile? 277 How does hostility link to stress? 277 How does hostility link to illness? 277 CONTROL 278 What is control? 278 Does control affect the stress response? 278 Does control affect health? 279 How does control mediate the stress–illness link? 280 The possible bene? ts of low control 280 CONTROL AND SOCIAL SUPPORT IN STRESS AND ILLNESS 281 282 FOR DISCUSSION 282 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 12: Pain 282 283 285 CHAPTER OVERVIEW WHAT IS PAIN? 285 286 EARLY PAIN THEORIES – PAIN AS A SENSATION Page 14 286 Black blue 280 274 Page 15 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS INCLUDING PSYCHOLOGY IN THEORIES OF PAIN THE GATE CONTROL THEORY OF PAIN 287 287 Input to the gate 288 Output from the gate 288 How does the GCT differ from earlier models of pain? 88 What opens the gate 289 What closes the gate 289 Problems with the GCT 289 THE ROLE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN PAIN PERCEPTION SUBJECTIVE-AFFECTIVE-COGNITIVE PROCESSES 290 291 The role of learning 291 The role of affect 291 The role of cognition 292 Behavioural processes 294 The interaction between these different processes 294 295 THE ROLE OF P SYCHOLOGY IN PAIN TREATMENT Cognitive behavioural therapy 296 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 12. 1: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE – TREATING 298 CHRONIC PAIN Placebos and pain reduction 301 THE OUTCOME OF PAIN TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT – A ROLE FOR PAIN 302 303 Self-reports 303 ACCEPTANCE? MEASURING PAIN Observational assessment 303 Physiological measures 303 304 QUESTIONS 304 FOR DISCUSSION 304 TO CONCLUDE ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 305 305 13: Placebos and the interrelationship between beliefs, behaviour and health 307 CHAPTER OVERVIEW WHAT IS A PLACEBO? 307 309 A HISTORY OF INERT TREATMENTS 309 Modern-day placebos 310 Placebos – to be taken out of an understanding of health? 310 HOW DO PLACEBOS WORK? 310 Non-interactive theories 311 Interactive theories 312 Physiological theories 315 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF PATIENT EXPECTATIONS Page 15 315 Black blue xv Page 16 xvi Black blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON RESEARCH 13. 1: TESTING A THEORY – ‘DOING AS YOU’RE TOLD’ AS A PLACEBO 316 COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY 319 The effect of investment 319 Justi? cation and changes in symptoms 319 Evidence for the role of justi? cation 320 An example of Totman’s theory 321 Support for cognitive dissonance theory 321 Problems with cognitive dissonance theory 322 THE ROLE OF PLACEBO EFFECTS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 322 Health beliefs 322 Illness cognitions 323 Health professionals’ health beliefs 323 Health-related behaviours 324 Stress 324 Pain 324 Implications for dualism 324 325 325 FOR DISCUSSION 325 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 325 326 FURTHER READING 14: HIV and cancer: psychology throughout the course of illness (1) 327 CHAPTER OVERVIEW HIV AND AIDS 327 329 The history of HIV 329 What is HIV? 329 The progression from HIV to AIDS 330 The prevalence of HIV and AIDS 330 331 Psychology and susceptibility to the HIV virus 333 Psychology and progression from HIV to AIDS 334 Psychology and longevity 335 THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF HIV FOCUS ON RESEARCH 14. 1: TESTING A THEORY – PSYCHOLOGY AND IMMUNE FUNCTIONING CANCER 336 338 What is cancer? 338 The prevalence of cancer 339 The role of psychology in cancer 339 The psychosocial factors in the initiation and promotion of cancer 339 Psychological consequences of cancer 342 Page 16 Black blue Page 17 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS xvii Psychology and the alleviation of symptoms 343 Psychological factors in longevity 344 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 14. 2: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE – TREATING CANCER SYMPTOMS 345 348 QUESTIONS 348 FOR DISCUSSION 348 TO CONCLUDE ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 348 349 15: Obesity and coronary heart disease: psychology throughout the course of illness (2) 351 351 CHAPTER OVERVIEW OBESITY 353 The role of psychological factors in obesity 353 353 WHAT IS OBESITY? HOW COMMON IS OBESITY? 354 WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WITH OBESITY? 355 Physical problems 355 Psychological problems 355 356 Physiological theories 356 Behavioural theories 358 WHAT CAUSES OBESITY? What does all this research mean? 365 OBESITY TREATMENT 365 Traditional treatment approaches 365 Multidimensional behavioural programmes 366 The role of dieting in treating obesity 367 SHOULD OBESITY BE TREATED AT ALL? 368 The bene? ts of treatment 368 The treatment alternatives 369 Drug treatments of obesity 369 Surgical treatments of obesity 370 CONCLUSION 370 CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) 371 What is CHD? 371 The prevalence of CHD 371 Risk factors for CHD 372 The role of psychology in CHD 372 Beliefs about CHD 372 The psychological impact of CHD 373 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 15. 1: TESTING A THEORY: THE CONSEQUENCES OF DISEASE Predicting and changing behavioural risk factors for CHD 376 Psychology and rehabilitation of patients with CHD 377 Page 17 Black blue 374 Page 18 xviii Black blue HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Conclusion 379 379 379 FOR DISCUSSION 380 TO CONCLUDE QUESTIONS ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY FURTHER READING 16 380 380 Measuring health status: from mortality rates to quality f life 383 383 MORTALITY RATES 384 MORBIDITY RATES 384 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 384 385 WHAT IS QUALITY OF LIFE? 385 MEASURES OF FUNCTIONING SUBJECTIVE HEALTH STATUS Creating a conceptual framework 386 How should it be measured? 387 FOCUS ON RESEARCH 16. 1: PUTTING THEORY INTO PRACTICE – EVALUATING HIP 388 390 REPLACEMENT SURGERY A SHIFT IN PERSPECTIVE Value 390 Subject ivity of the subject 390 Subjectivity of the researcher 391 De? nition of health 391 391 Quality of life as an outcome measure 392 Quality of life as a predictor of longevity 393 TO CONCLUDE 393 QUESTIONS 394 FOR DISCUSSION 394 ASSUMPTIONS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 394 FURTHER READING 395 USING QUALITY OF LIFE IN RESEARCH 17 The assumptions of health psychology CHAPTER OVERVIEW 397 397 THE ASSUMPTIONS OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 398 The mind–body split 398 Dividing up the soup 398 The problem of progression 398 The problem of methodology 399 The problem of measurement 399 Integrating the individual with their social context 399 Data are collected in order to develop theories; these theories are not data 400 Page 18 Black blue Page 19 Black blue DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Theories concerning different areas of health psychology are distinct from each other 400 STUDYING A DISCIPLINE FURTHER READING 400 401 Methodology glossary References 405 Index 459 403 Page 19 Black blue xix Page 20 Black blue L IST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2 Fig. 2-1 Fig. 2-2 Fig. 2-3 Fig. 2-4 Fig. 2-5 Fig. 2-6 Fig. 2-7 Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3-2 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Fig. 4-1 Fig. 4-2 Fig. 4-3 Fig. 5-1 Fig. 5-2 Fig. 5-3 Fig. 5-4 Fig. 5-5 Fig. 5-6 Fig. 5-7 Fig. 6-1 Fig. 6-2 Fig. 6-3 Fig. 6-4 Fig. 6-5 Fig. 6-6 Fig. 6-7 Fig. 6-8 Fig. 6-9 Fig. 7-1 Fig. 8-1 Fig. 8-2 Fig. 8-3 Fig. 9-1 The biopsychosocial model of health and illness Psychology and health: direct and indirect pathways Decline in mortality from tuberculosis The effect of smoking on increase in expectation of life: males, 1838–1970 Basics of the health belief model Basics of the protection motivation theory Basics of the theory of reasoned action Basics of the theory of planned behaviour The health action process approach Leventhal’s self-regulatory model of illness behaviour Coping with the crisis of illness Adaptive tasks Coping skills Ley’s model of compliance A simpli? ed model of problem solving Diagnosis as a form of problem solving Changes in smoking, 1972–92 Current smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers by sex, 1972–92 Alcohol consumption levels by sex, 1992 The stages of substance use Relapse curves for individuals treated for heroin, smoking and alcohol addiction The relapse process Relapse prevention intervention strategies The balance of good health A developmental model of eating behaviour Social eating Measuring body dissatisfaction Overeating in dieters in the laboratory A boundary model explanation of overeating in dieters A comparison of the boundaries for different types of eaters The ‘what the hell’ effect as a form of relapse From dieting to overeating Participation in sport, 1990 Percentage using no contraception at ? rst intercourse, by age at ? rst intercourse Contraception use at ? st intercourse in those aged 16–24 Changes in the use of condoms as the usual method of contraception by age, 1983–91 Costs per potential cancer prevented for different screening policies xx Page 20 Black blue 4 6 15 16 25 28 32 32 34 53 64 64 65 77 87 88 100 101 102 110 125 126 127 135 138 139 147 154 155 156 159 160 169 188 189 196 224 Page 21 Black blue LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Fig. 10-1 Fig. 10-2 Fig. 10-3 Fig. 10-4 Fig. 11-1 Fig. 11-2 Fig. 11-3 Fig. 11-4 Fig. 11-5 Fig. 12-1 Fig. 12-2 Fig. 12-3 Fig. 13-1 Fig. 13-2 Fig. 13-3 Fig. 14-1 Fig. 14-2 Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2 Fig. 15-3 Fig. 15-4 Fig. 15-5 Fig. 15-6 Fig. 15-7 Fig. 16-1 Selye’s three-stage general adaptation syndrome The role of appraisal in stress Stress and changes in physiology The interaction between psychological and physiological aspects of stress Chronic/acute model of stress–illness link Stress-diathesis model The stress–illness link: physiological moderators The stress–illness link: psychological moderators Incidence of CHD by number of children: the role of work stress on illness in women The gate control theory of pain Psychosocial aspects of pain Psychology and pain treatment The central role of patient expectations in placebo effects Totman’s cognitive dissonance theory of placebo effects The interrelationship between beliefs, behaviour and health The potential role of psychology in HIV The potential role of psychology in cancer Potential role of psychology in obesity Grades of obesity by height and weight Relationship between BMI and mortality Changes in physical activity and obesity Changes in food intake from the 1950s to the 1990s Changes in calorie consumption and obesity The potential role of psychology in CHD A shift in perspective in measuring health Page 21 Black blue xxi 235 239 242 249 252 253 258 268 281 288 290 296 316 320 323 331 340 353 354 355 360 363 363 371 390 Page 22 Black blue How to cite Health Psychology, Essay examples

The Good Earth free essay sample

Are you sympathetic or unsympathetic towards a character’s dilemma or difficult decision? Why? I am extremely sympathetic towards the dilemma that was going on with the Chinese people in the famine. I feel bad for them because they didn’t have any money or food. They were so hungry that they ate each other at times, even their children. It was such a struggle for them every day of their lives during the famine. People didn’t have food and were rapidly becoming sick; children were being born with physical problems and weren’t being born healthy. Imagine if you saw your mom or dad eating your brother or killing your sister because there’s not enough food to support more people. How would that make you feel? Imagine having no food and having to hunt for your food. What if you were forced to work as a slave and were treated very bad. If I were to be living in such a crisis I wouldn’t survive more than a month; especially since I have never been through anything as bad as a famine. We are so used to being under a roof and having everything we need, which is why it would be hard for us to survive. I never really thought about what it would be like if this were to occur one of these days. Thanks to this book, now I think about these kinds of things. How will I survive or react if I were to be living in a famine? Alejandro Escamilla English II Pre-AP Writing Summer Assignment If you could change the outcome of the story, what change would you make? Why? If I could change the outcome of The Good Earth I would make it so that Wang Lung doesn’t die as fast and rather buries his sons and he dies at the end. I would like to do this also because I’d like for the land to stay how Wang Lung wanted it. I didn’t like the part that the kids decided to sell the land; which is why I would rather have Wang Lung live longer and bury his own sons and daughters. Here is the part that I would like to change. [Wang Lung heard his second son say in his mincing voice, â€Å"This field we will sell and this one, and we will divide the money between us evenly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But the old man heard only these words, â€Å"sell the land,† and he cried out and he could not keep his voice from breaking and trembling with his anger, â€Å"Out of the land we came and into it we must go-†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If you sell the land, it is the end. †] I think the kids should have taken the land and cultivated it just like Wang Lung did. I would have liked this better because it would have ended in a happy ending. I think the book was sad enough with things going the way Wang Lung wanted. Wang Lung put so much work into his land and should at least have had his land how he wanted it when he passed away. Alejandro Escamilla English II Pre-AP Writing Summer Assignment I agree/disagree with ______’s decision to __________ because†¦ I disagree with Wang Lung’s two sons’ decision to sell the land because Wang Lung put lots of work into it. Selling the land would have meant a waste of time for Wang Lung and would be like throwing away all his work. After all the work Wang Lung did on his land he should at least be thanked by his sons by them taking care of the land just like he did. I know that if I was in Wang Lung’s position and actually lived to see the land being sold I would be very mad and disappointed of my sons’ decision. The sons should have at least put the money into some better land. Rather than being greedy and just using it to ship rice to the sea and not do anything for their father. Unlike the sons the father was considerate and worked on the land with his family in mind. He worked on his land to help support his whole family. Wang Lung was emotionally attached to his land. He wanted to see his entire family raised on his land, even his grandsons. I know what it’s like to be so attached to something and then losing it. I used to have a dog that I grew up with and took care of for many years. Then one day I lost him and was very sad, I was mad because I had took really good care of him all my life. Alejandro Escamilla English II Pre-AP Writing Summer Assignment Of what other book or story does this book remind you? In what ways? The book â€Å"The Good Earth† reminds me of a book I read last year called â€Å"Across Five Aprils†. It was a book that took place during the Civil War and included farming as a thing that the family did which is why I was reminded of this book. I am also reminded of this book because they both seem like they take place around the same era. The style of the author is also very similar. Both stories are very sad and they both have a sad ending; not the usual happy ending of every other book I’ve read. In â€Å"Across Five Aprils† at the end of the story when all seems well President Lincoln is assassinated. The story â€Å"Across Five Aprils† ends in an unhappy ending, just like in â€Å"The Good Earth†. Both stories provide great life lessons and are kind of hard to understand at first; mainly because of the author’s style of writing. â€Å"Across Five Aprils† is the only book that comes close to reminding me of â€Å"The Good Earth†. The reason why it’s the only book is because I don’t usually read these kinds of books. I am not too interested in the topic. I am more into the action and adventure books, but I have noticed that these kinds of books are the ones that teach great life lessons and you learn a lot more from them. Alejandro Escamilla English II Pre-AP Writing Summer Assignment What life lessons did you find in the book? â€Å"The Good Earth† has many life lessons and maybe the ones I found aren’t the same as others because we all interpret things in different ways. One big life lesson that I came across was that when things get rough don’t back down and become weak, instead become stronger and push forward. In other words always see the light at the end of the tunnel. I think this life lesson is the best out of the book because it really helps out to think of this when you find yourself in a tough situation. Another life lesson found in â€Å"The Good Earth† is when you are in a bad position always know that you will someday rise out of that hole that you feel that you are stuck in. Wang Lung was very poor and when the time came he bought a piece of land and worked hard on it. Pretty soon he noticed that he no longer was in the same position that he was in a while back. Now he had become a wealthy farmer. I am glad that I found these life lessons in this book and plan on applying them to every aspect of my life and when I find myself troubled. I believe that these life lessons can help anybody that is having a hard time in life. I also plan on passing down these life lessons to people that I know and hopefully help them in their every day struggles. Alejandro Escamilla English II Pre-AP Writing Summer Assignment If you were to make the book into a movie, what changes would you make and why? This book seems like it was meant to be read by a higher age group. If I were to make this book into a movie I would make it more for all age groups so that younger kids may also watch the movie. The reason for that is because I think that the story has a lot of life lessons that should be learned. If younger kids learn the life lessons at a younger age they will really go through every day easier and know what to do when they come across troubles. The book has many words that wouldn’t be in the movie and many people might say that this is bad because it is not showing the raw thing and what it really was like. But the movie is all about the life lessons and learning something greater than just what it used to be like for the Chinese people back then. I want the movie to leave a lasting impression on its viewers and for them to walk out of wherever they watched it with a different mindset. I know that if I had seen this movie at an earlier age it would have helped me through my struggles faster and understand why things happen. Then others might say that kids would mature too quickly, but I fight back against that statement. I think it’s better to mature faster than to struggle and not know what to do or how to react when things don’t go in your favor.

Live Concert Report Essay Example

Live Concert Report Essay The concert occurred on November 14, 2009 2. It took place in Pikeville, KY 3. Bo Bice, Styx, and REO Speedwagon 4. The concert was for rock bands. 5. All of the separate performers performed rock and roll music. 6. Instruments that were used for all of the performances included electric guitars, drums, electric bass, electric keyboards and synthesizers, and voices. 7. The performers in all of the bands were generally dressed the same in casual attire such as blue jeans. Other than the drummers, all of the other performers were very energetic and remained standing through most of the performance, even the keyboardist for Styx. 8. I liked the concert because two of my favorite bands (Styx and REO Speedwagon) performed. It was a great atmosphere and pretty much a dream come true for me. 9. There wasn’t much that I disliked about the concert, I wish it would’ve lasted longer and that I would’ve been closer to the stage. 10. My favorite part of the concert is when Styx and REO Speedwagon took the stage together and all jammed out as one big band. We will write a custom essay sample on Live Concert Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Live Concert Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Live Concert Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I felt that it was like a once in a lifetime experience. 11. I took note that the drummers and bassists were the rhythm keepers and foundations for every song. I also learned that lighting and special effects can truly enhance music for the senses other than hearing. 12. My overall reaction to the concert was highly impressed. I was sure that the performers would be good, but they far surpassed my expectations. It was the next to greatest concert that I have ever been to, only second to the Bob Seger The Silver Bullet Band concert I attended in November 2006.

Essay on Lab Report 1

Essay on Lab Report 1 Essay on Lab Report 1 Rachel Pepe Microbiology Lab Safety Lab #1 1. Introduction In this lab, we focused on skills we will be using throughout this course. This lab specifically focused on hand hygiene. We will be dealing with microorganisms that humans tend to interact with, so it is important to learn safety in lab. Even though they are not harmful, safety is always an important skill to have in a lab setting, especially when we are working independently without guidance. 2. Objectives The objectives of this lab were to work with microorganisms in the safe proper way, use the correct experiment equipment and use it in the correct way, and follow instructions to protect us in lab setting. 3. Methods and Materials Yeast packet (1) 250 mL beaker Measuring spoon 1 tsp. sugar Nutrient agar (4) 5 cm. Petri dishes 20 drops deionized water (4) Sterile transfer pipettes (4) Sterile cotton swabs Hand soap Permanent marker (4) Disposable gloves Heat Pad Stopwatch Parafilm 10% bleach solution Warm water Paper towels The method we used to discover the importance of hand hygiene was using four petri dishes with nutrient agar plates to accumulate bacteria from our hands as they were at different stages. 4. Procedures 1. Prepare the agar plates: We microwaved the nutrient agar bottle, swirling its contents every 10 seconds until it was completely liquefied. Once it was in full liquid form, we poured about 5 mL into each of the four petri dishes, filling the bottom of the dish. We then placed the lids onto the dishes to allow the agar to solidify, which took approximately an hour. Each petri dish was labeled #1-4 2. Preparing the yeast solution: We measured 230 mL of warm water into the provided 250 mL beaker. We then added 1 tsp. of sugar and the full yeast packet to the beaker. We stirred this mixture together until the ingredients dissolved and it began to froth. 3. Testing the hands: To collect the hands bacteria, we put a glove on our non-dominant hand, added 8-10 drops of the deionized water to the gloved hand and rubbed our two hands together to spread the water over our dominant hand. Once the water covered the hand, we took a cotton swab to the non-gloved hand to collect the bacteria, and then rubbed the cotton swab onto the agar plate. In petri dish #1, a plain, unchanged hand bacterium was collected. Between collecting bacteria, we washed our hands with warm water and hand soap for at least 20 seconds, using the provided hand soap and stop watch. We then repeated the same process as we did for petri dish #1, so for petri dish #2 we collected bacteria of a hand that was just washed. For petri dish #3, instead of deionized water, we added the yeast solution to our hands and collected that bacterium. Petri dish #4 contained bacteria from the yeast solution, but after the hands was just washed. Between each collection of bacteria, we mad e sure to change gloves and cotton swabs. 4. Letting the petri dishes sit: After we finished collecting bacteria, the lids were placed on the petri dishes and we sealed them with parafilm. They remained in a warm location for several days until I started to see colonies grow. I counted and recorded the number of colonies I saw. Before discarding the petri dishes, I cleaned our the agar with 10% bleach solution and let them incubate for 20 minutes then poured the bleach down the drain with running water. 5. Results Table 1: Experiment 1 Colony Growth Plate # Condition Growth 1 Water minus hand washing ++++ 2 Water plus hand washing + 3 Yeast minus hand washing +++++ 4 Yeast plus hand washing + 1. What constitutes personal protective equipment? When should personal protective equipment be worn? Why is personal protective equipment important? Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to serious workplace injuries and illnesses. Some examples of personal protective equipment include gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, etc. This

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats By Mark Nichol The prefix for denoting repetition is re-, but its presence in a word doesn’t necessarily indicate a repeat of an action. Here, as examples, are five words starting with re- that differ in sense from their root words. 1. Rebate: To bate is to deduct or restrain, but the word, used rarely, usually is employed for the latter meaning, often in the jocular phrase â€Å"await with bated breath,† to indicate feigned excitement. Bate is a truncation of abate, which refers to deducting, depriving, moderating, or putting an end to something. To rebate, however, is to return part of a payment as an incentive. Bate is from the Anglo-French word abatre, meaning â€Å"to strike down†; rebate is from rebatre, which derives from abatre but means â€Å"to deduct.† 2. Recapitulate: To capitulate is to acquiesce or surrender, but to recapitulate is to summarize. Capitulate is from the Latin word capitulum, which originally meant â€Å"to distinguish by heads or chapters† in reference to parts of a book (the Latin word for head, caput, is also the basis of chapter); by extension, it came to mean â€Å"to arrange conditions,† as part of a surrender. To recapitulate literally means â€Å"to restate by heads† to repeat the main points. 3. Redress: To dress is to arrange or prepare, usually in the sense of putting clothes on or providing clothes to, though the word also refers to decorating or embellishing, or applying something. To redress, however, means to compensate or remedy, or, rarely, to avenge. Dress is from the Anglo-French term drescer, meaning â€Å"to direct† (it stems from the Latin word directus); redress is from redresser, which means â€Å"to set straight,† as in the sense of rearranging to make right. 4. Resound: To sound is to make a noise, or, when part of a comparative phrase (â€Å"sounds like,† â€Å"sounds as . . . as†), to resemble. To resound means â€Å"to reverberate† or â€Å"to repeat a noise,† though the word most commonly refers to a loud noise or is used as an intensifier to evoke the idea of someone receiving loud accolades (â€Å"a resounding success†). The Latin roots are sonare, meaning â€Å"to sound,† the acronym sonar, from â€Å"sound navigation ranging,† was formed with this precursor in mind and resonare (also the ancestor of resonate), meaning â€Å"to sound again.† 5. Reward: To ward is to deflect or guard (use rarely in verb form, usually in the phrase â€Å"ward off† to describe defending oneself from a blow). To reward is to pay for or to give in acknowledgment. Ward derives from the Old English term weard and the Anglo-French words warde and garde, all stemming from a proto-Germanic ancestor meaning â€Å"guard.† Reward stems from the Anglo-French terms regarder and rewarder, meaning â€Å"to care for, recompense.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SEmail Etiquette7 Proofreading Steps

What Is An Entrepreneurship All about, How to Be a Leader Assignment

What Is An Entrepreneurship All about, How to Be a Leader - Assignment Example Entrepreneurial implies that an individual must display the ideal knowledge to operate a company. In my case, I have displayed a tendency to make strategic decision. For instance, I use my time to study efficiently, which involves subdividing my time in order to understand how to allocate equal time to the subjects I took. During my time in the university, I did some community work managing the community center. During my time as an operations manager, I managed to ensure my subordinates worked efficiently, which meant subdividing the workload between the subordinates. Another important factor during my time in the community center was being prompt to work in order to create a work schedule which would ensure all the work for the day was accomplished. In some cases, I had to pitch in on the tasks in order to cover for workers who may were unwell to report for work (Kleiman, 2010). Such factors were important in order to ensure that the community center operated efficiently; hence, de monstrating my entrepreneurial qualities. In terms of being entrepreneurial, I will be able to make decisions promptly, which will not put the company in jeopardy. I am an efficient worker, which ensures that I am very reliable in relation to accomplishing tasks quickly and with the expected quality and high standard of the company (Kotter, 2002). I can operate independently without the need for supervision, which is a quality that entrepreneurs possess. This means that I can work independently, but not in a manner that suggests I cannot work in a team. Another aspect of my character is my ability to coordinate individuals.

Financial crisis 2007-2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial crisis 2007-2012 - Essay Example The investments in the mortgage market in US were very lucrative as it offered high returns in short interval of time. More and more numbers of people considered the investments in US mortgage market as an instrument of short term gains. According to efficient market theory, the information flow from the market was such that it influenced not only the borrowers but also the lenders for purchase of housing properties (Harder, 2010, p.59). The policies of the US government also contributed to the flow of market information to the investors suggesting that the investments in the real estate and housing markets of US is likely to produce easy profits in a short span of time. The US government also made the ownership of houses for US citizens as a fundamental right. All these information flow from the markets influenced the investment decisions in the housing markets. Thus investments in the mortgage markets increased with instances of bank lending with open hands. On one hand when the ma rket information influenced the financial decisions, the underlying bubble of crisis was not noticed. Due to assumptions of the efficient market theory, the valuation of the underlying mortgages got overvalued. The banks provided finances for housing loans without adequate check on the credit parameters which led to the entry of huge borrowers who were not creditworthy (Carey and Stulz, 2007, p.44). The weight of bad loans started to increase when the borrowers defaulted in repayment of loans.... The US government also made the ownership of houses for US citizens as a fundamental right. All these information flow from the markets influenced the investment decisions in the housing markets. Thus investments in the mortgage markets increased with instances of bank lending with open hands. On one hand when the market information influenced the financial decisions, the underlying bubble of crisis was not noticed. Due to assumptions of the efficient market theory, the valuation of the underlying mortgages got overvalued. The banks provided finances for housing loans without adequate check on the credit parameters which led to the entry of huge borrowers who were not creditworthy (Carey and  Stulz, 2007, p.44). The weight of bad loans started to increase when the borrowers defaulted in repayment of loans. The valuation of the mortgages fell which were accepted as underlying securities at the time of financing the loans. This led to erosion of value of the company and the sharehold ers which eventually led to financial crisis of 2007-2012. The underlying causes of financial crisis were not reflected in the information flow to the investors that led to bad investments (Palan, 2007, p.25). This establishes the redundancy of efficient markets in explaining the financial decisions. Financial theories and models This part of the study will evaluate several aspects of Efficient Market Hypothesis and Random market Hypothesis. Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient Market hypothesis is also known as joint hypothesis problem. It declares that the financial market is efficient. According to this hypothesis, an individual cannot

Organizational Essay Example for Free

Organizational Essay Table of Contents Introduction Organizational culture is an important part of any organization, for this is the principles a company stand for. Without a strong, stable culture, an organization is sure to fail sooner than later. I will now discuss the subjects briefly mentioned in assignment 1. 1. The organizational culture of the organization where I work: 1. 1. A) Definition of Organizational culture and 4 types of cultures. Organizational culture refers to the shared values, norms, visions, symbols, beliefs, habit, working language between people sharing a working environment. There are, according to (Greenberg, 2011) four types of organizational cultures that exist. (Control) Hierarchy culture: These are typically large, bureaucratic corporations where smooth production, without wasted time is important. Stability, control, internal focus, standardization and integration are key principles to this system. Leaders in such a system should organize, monitor and coordinate the people and process thoroughly. (Compete) Market culture: These organizations are also concerned with stability and control, but rather than focusing on internal factors, they focus on external. This system is concerned with competition. They look at all the other organizations competing in the same market and then focus on their relationships- or transactions with suppliers, customers, contractors, unions, legislators, consultants, regulators etc. They believe that they’ll achieve success by focusing on effective relations (external). (Collaborate) Clan culture: Inward focus is important, same as the hierarchy system, however clan cultures emphasizes flexibility rather than control and rigidness. At such organizations, the well-being of workers comes first. It is said that people working in a clan-cultural environment feel related to their co-workers due to the warm, friendly nature. (Create) Adhocracy: This culture refers to the opposite of bureaucracy, focusing on flexibility and the external environment. It’s all about opportunities, problem-solving and outcome. These type of companies should always be up to date regarding development and technology. Typical example of such organizations is software-developing companies. The culture of the organization where I work: The organizational culture at my company is the Create or Adhocracy culture (defined above) According to Waterman’s theory (cited in Greenberg, 2011) an Adhocracy culture goes beyond the ordinary bureaucratic lines to capture opportunities, solve problems and get results. In my organization, we focus on innovation and creativity. Team work is essential, because software engineers have to split up the work due to the work-load. 2. How are new employees accommodated in the organization? Accommodation can refer to special needs of some employees or just taking account and respecting all members’ race, ethnic group, color, nationality, social origin, religion, age, marital status, sexual orientation, sex, opinions, family status and source of income. In my company, respect is a very important aspect, we accept every member the way they are. Supporting each other rather than rejecting. (Denison, 1990). In my organization, we use a process called â€Å"Onboarding†. Onboarding is the process whereby information, training, mentoring and coaching is provided to new members. This makes new members feel welcome and informed. This also increases productivity from the beginning, reduces costs due to flaws and saves co-workers training time. According to (Parker, 1993) this process includes four stages to let new employees â€Å"onboard†. Acquiring is the first step we use in the onboarding process: In this first step, newcomers will be introduced to co-workers. The group in which the employee will work is already decided before his/ her arrival. The employee will now get the opportunity to talk to other group members to create a mental picture of what the work will include. Accommodation is the next step, new employees are provided with all the necessary resources to make their working experience pleasant. In my company, new employees get a computer, which stays at the office at all times. This computer will have all the newest software on it, ensuring that the employee can do the tasks effectively without any discomfort. Assimilation is step 3 of onboarding. The intern will now be allocated to a more experienced member. This member will show the intern around, showing him where everything is and given him a crash-course about what will be expected of him. The intern can now shadow the person to get the hang of things. Please do note that the newcomer is expected to have all the skills needed to obtain this job. Like the necessary degrees etc. , which was considered before appointing the job to the person? Acceleration: In this stage, new members engage in their working tasks, still learning as they go, but now they are able to feel comfortable in their working environment. In this stage the results are brought to the table and fairly employees now have the chance to perform and show everybody what their made of. 3. How my organizational culture can be improved: Before discussing the stages I shall take to do so, there are a few core principles that should be in place. Values are the first, which means the core values and believes of the company should be spelled out very clearly. All employees should know what the company stands for. Second are goals. When everyone knows what the goals and milestones of the company are, they know what is expected of them. Consistency is the next fundamental point- keeping the standards and goals high. Communication, important in every aspect of life is also important to improve the culture in organizations. The last point is celebration- everybody needs some reward for good work done. This will motivate employees to work hard to reach the upcoming goals and having fun in the workplace is fundamental. (Denison , 1990). The above is not the strategies I will follow to improve my organizational culture, its important elements that forms the basis of a good organizational culture. The stages of improvement include strategies to spread the culture throughout the company and beyond the borders of the company and let everyone be aware of them. I believe through doing that, the culture will improve. Here follows 6 strategies Symbols: Symbols are, according to (Ornstein, 1986) those objects, not needing words to be described. The symbols of an organization can rest in the waiting room, the size of the building, the awards hanging around, the atmosphere when you walk into the doors etc. these symbols let you know what the company is all about. Thus, it spells out the organizational culture. Slogans- Phrases that summarize the organizational culture: Slogans are those catchy tunes or saying things unique to a certain company. The slogan can tell you a lot about the companies’ culture, because the companies â€Å"heart† is captures in a few phrases. Thus, the employees and public can grasp the essence of the organizations- whereas the culture is improved. Stories: These are the re-authoring of important and catchy moments in the company’s history. The telling of these stories can re-introduce important values to employees. (Martin, 1982). These stories might be told in a formal way (in a meeting) or informally (employees drinking coffee). These stories remind employees how â€Å"we use to do it around here† and indirectly creating some expectations or guidelines. Through this the employees get a clear understanding of what the company cherishes. Jargon: These are the everyday language used in the company. Companies may also create their own phrases or words, which are understood by each other. These jargons might become unique to this company, but may also spread out to the public, making the company â€Å"famous† for their unique words. According to (Carroll. 1993) Jargons are especially popular in the high-tech world (like my company is). Ceremonies: These special events celebrate whatever it is that it most essential to the company. By looking at the reason for celebration, you will get to know the core beliefs and values of a company. Therefore, by hosting ceremonies, the employees and public can see what is valued the most. This will strengthen the culture of the organization. Lastly is Statements of Principle: Defining culture through writing: This means bringing forward a statement of principle. In this statement lie the core values of your company, reinforcing and clarifying the qualities of the company. (Carroll, 1993). Bibliography Carroll, P. (1993). Big blues: The unmaking of IBM. New York: Crown. Denison, R (1990). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness (3rd ed. ) Oxford, England: John Wiley Sons. Greenberg, J (2011). Behavior in Organizations. Martin, J. (1982). Stories and scripts in organizational settings. In A. Hastorf A. Isen (Eds. ), Cognitive social psychology (pp 255-306). New York: Elsevier-North Holland. Ornstein, S. L. (1986). Organizational symbols: A study of their meanings and influences on perceived psychological climate. In J. Greenberg, Behavior in Organizations (p 520). London: Pearson Publications. Parker, M (1993). Postmodernism and organizations. Sage Publications ltd.

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: Escape Symbolism :: Glass Menagerie essays

Escape Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie If we take a look at the different symbols used throughout the play, I think that the most important one when it comes to escape is the fire escape. It is in the center from the very beginning, when Tom makes his opening addressing to the audience from it. To understand the role of the fire escape one has to see that it serves a different purpose for each of the characters. In general we can say that it represents the borderline between freedom and imprisonment. Apart from this, the different characters see it in different ways. For Tom, the fire escape is an opportunity to get away from the apartment and his nagging mother. For Amanda, on the other hand, it's a door through which gentleman callers for Laura can come into their apartment / into their world. For Laura, even though she's been outside, it's the border between the safe and the dangerous, between the known and the unknown. Also the Dance Hall across the street can be seen as a symbol of escape. Its name, Paradise Dance Hall, is a contrast to the lives of the characters, and to the current situation in the world as seen in the play. Also, Laura spends much of her time listening to her mothers' old records, hearing the same old music over and over again. I believe that the music coming from the dance hall can be interpreted to be Laura's possibility to escape from her monotonous life, a possibility that she cannot currently utilise. The last symbol that I see as important for the theme is the father of Tom and Laura, Mr. Wingfield. He is the ultimate symbol of escape, as he has actually managed to get away. The fact that Amanda still has his picture on the wall tells us something about another way that she is attempting to escape; by keeping hold of the past, as the picture is probably there to remind of the good

Kingdoms of Life Essay

On our planet earth we have what are called kingdoms, 5 to be exact, consisting of a very diverse group of living things. Using these five kingdoms we classify our species and organize information on what we are and what resides with us. When we place every living creature into one of the five kingdoms it better helps us understand the world around us and it’s habitants. The five kingdoms include: Moneran, Protist, Fungi, Plantae, and the one we call home, Animalia. 1. Monera The simplest of all organisms is the bacteria of the Moneran kingdom. They are broken down into two types: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria is known as the â€Å"true bacteria† which makes up the roughly 10,000 species in the Moneran group. Archaebacteria or â€Å"ancient bacteria† if you will, is the minority of the group and are only found in extreme environments including but not limiting; swamps, salt lakes, deep-ocean hydrothermal vent, etc. There are many types of species belonging to the Moneran kingdom that have yet to be discovered. Monerans are also the only group within the five kingdoms that are all prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are one-celled or colony of cells. 2. Protista In this kingdom we have multi cellular organisms (Protista) which are not a part of nor do they fit, the Animal, Plant, or Fungus Kingdom. In the beginning, protozoa were placed in a sub-kingdom of Animalia but because of the problems this classification had, it later became it’s own kingdom. All members of this phylum have what are known as nucleated cells and live in aquatic habitats (both freshwater and marine). According to Lynn Margulis, K.V. Schwartz and M. Dolan (1994), the cells of all Protoctista originally formed by bacterial symbioses or symbiogenesis. Members of this kingdom are not considered animals because they do not come from an embryo, they are not plants nor are they considered fungi because they do not develop from spores. 3. Fungi There are some members of the Kingdom Fungi that are associated with algal cells of the Kingdom Protista and/or prokaryotic cyanobacteria of the Kingdom Monera. Fungi plays a very critical role in nature’s continuous rebirth: Fungi actually recycle all dead organic matter turning it into useful nutrients. Fungi consits of species like: mushrooms, molds, mildews, stinkhorns, rusts, puffballs and many others. There are on estimate 100,000 known species today with hundreds of new species being discovered each year. 4. Plantae  With over 1.6 million species of living organisms on earth and new species discovered every single day, in particular; insects and nematodes residing in rsecluded tropical regions. However, with the present rate of destruction, a majority of the virgin tropical rain forest are headed straight for extinction, leaving millions of species undiscovered by the human race. It is the theory that approximately 99 percent of species that ever resided on earth were extinct long before the human ever set foot on this planet. Even with humans having such an incredible significance to the development of earth, technically they are considered to be newcomers on this marvelous planet. If all theories are correct, earth is aged at about 4.5 billion years old, meaning the ancient life forms (such as the cyanobacteria) appeared roughly 2-3 billion years ago. 5. Animalia There are nine phyla of this kingdom including the following: Porifera (poriferans), Cnidaria (cnidarians), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Nematoda (roundworms), Annelida (annelids), Mollusca (molluscs), Arthropoda (arthropods), Echinodermata (echinoderms) and Chordata (chordates). Animals are considered to be part of this group because they are all multi-cellular organisms whose cells are connected by a plasma membrane and not by a cell wall of cellulose like the others. The differences between plants and animals led to the division of all life into what is known as (referenced above) Plantae and Animalia. In animals, the cells are organized into tissues and specialized tissue systems that permit them to move freely in search of food. They build energy by acquiring and ingesting their food, unlike plants, which use the system photosynthesis to benefit from the nutrients they need to survive. A well developed nervous system with sensory and motor nerves is what enables animals to receive environmental stimuli as well as a response to the environment around them. It was found that some were plant like while others (protozoa) resembled animals in that they obtain locomotion by means of flagella and that they actually digest food. The Animal Kingdom holds the most species of all of the kingdoms, ringing in a little over one million. Interesting fact, is that more than half of the animal species are insects. The result of 300,000 beetles plus the 800,000 different insect species a make up the largest order of insects (one fifth of all species–using a total of 1.5 million). It has been said that if the species between plants and animals on earth were lined up at random, every 5th species would be a beetle. Viruses Viruses are out of the Kingdom assortment completely and sometimes they are said even to belong to their own kingdom, the kingdom Virus. The small and less complex infectious agent is made of tiny macromolecular units composed of DNA or RNA covered by an outer protein coat. Virus’ do not contain membrane-bound organelles, ribosomes, a cytoplasm, or any other source of energy formation of their own. They do not have the self-maintenance metabolic reactions of living systems, they lack cellular respiration and gash exchanges. They are completely capable of reproducing but only at the expense of a host cell. They can and will only survive as minute macromolecular particles outside of their body. Plant viruses are transferred between each other by insects that feed on sap, such as aphids, while animal viruses can be carried by blood-sucking insects (mosquitos for instance).    http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/life-kingdoms.html

Project Network Survey Essay

Besides the basic physical security of a site, the next most important aspect is controlling digital access into and out of the organization’s network. In most cases this means controlling the points of connectivity to the outside world, typically the Internet. Partitioning the boundary between the outside Internet and the internal intranet is a critical security piece. Any services not actually needed should be turned off so that they will not become avenues of attack for security threats. Different systems will have different services running by default. The firewall process can tightly control what is allowed to traverse from one side to the other. As with most aspects of security, deciding what type of firewall to use will depend upon factors such as traffic levels, services needing protection and the complexity of rules required. The difficulty for firewalls is distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. Firewalls, if configured correctly, can be a reasonable form of protection from external threats including some denial of service (DOS) attacks. If not configured correctly they can be major security holes in an organization. The most basic protection a firewall provides is the ability to block network traffic to certain destinations. This includes both IP addresses and particular network service ports. Many network devices and computer hosts startup network services by default, each of these services could represent an opportunity for attackers, worms and Trojans. Very often all of these default services are not needed. Doing port lockdown by turning off services reduces this exposure. Port 25: Is the virtual pathway that most e-mail traffic follows when it travels from your computer to a server. Port 25 can get clogged with spam e-mails when computers on a network become infected with a virus or other malicious software. Because of the potential threat our host computers sending spam email Port 25 will remain closed. Port 80: This is the primary port used by the World Wide Web (www) system. Web servers open this port then listen for incoming connections from web browsers. Similarly, when a web browser is given a remote address (like grc.com or amazon.com), it assumes that a remote web server will be listening for connections on port 80 at that location. This port will generally be open only when a web server of some sort is running on the machine. Due to the popularity of this port for malicious exploitation, it should never be open unless it is being actively and deliberately used to serve web pages. Port 139: Is typically used for file/printer sharing, including directory replication with Active Directory, trusts, remote access of event logs, etc. This port should be open. If you block port 139 on a Domain Controller you will kill AD replication. If you block 139 in a typical business network, you will lose the ability to do much of anything on a remote computer such as remotely manage clients/servers, install software, share printers, or files. Since the NetBIOS vulnerability is quite well-known a long time ago and heavily popularized, patches have been already released. The last remote exploits that targeted NetBIOS/139 were in the Windows NT/2000 era. Ports 1900 and Port 2869: These UDP port are opened and used by Universal Plug N’ Play (UPnP) devices to receive broadcasted messages from other UPnP devices. UPnP devices broadcast subnet-wide messages to simultaneously reach all other UPnP devices. UPnP Internet servers were found to have remotely exploitable unchecked buffers that would allow, in principle, remote malicious hackers. Microsoft Windows is vulnerable to a buffer overflow, caused by improper bounds checking by the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) service. By sending a specially-crafted HTTP request, a remote attacker could overflow a buffer and execute arbitrary code on the system with elevated privileges when combined with another exploit. Unused Internet servers and services should not be left running if they are not actively needed, for this reason this port should be closed until needed. Port 5357: This port is opened because  you have Network Discovery enabled in a Public Network profile. The port is vulnerable to info leak problems allowing it to be accessed remotely by malicious authors. This port should be closed if network discovery is not required. Port 6839: This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is assoc iated and used. Port 7435: This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Port 9100: This TCP port is used for printing. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external print servers. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Ports 9101 and 9102: Is the Bacula Director. This TCP port is used for printing. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external print servers. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Port 9110: SSMP Message protocol – This protocol is intended to be used to implement thread-to-thread messaging locally or over the Internet. Ports registered with IANA are shown as official ports. The same port number may be unofficially used by various services or applications. Unofficially or sometimes with conflict, the same port may be used by different applications. This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Port 9220: This port is for raw scanning to peripherals with IEEE 1284.4 specifications. On three port HP Jetdirects, the scan ports are 9290, 9291, and 9292. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Port 9500: TCP Port 9500 may use a defined protocol to communicate depending on the application. In our case we are using port 9500 to access the ISM Server. The ISM Server is used for exchanging backup and recovery information between storage devices. This port should remain open while services are in use. Port 62078: This port is used by iPhone while syncing. The Port used by UPnP for multimedia files sharing, also used for synchronizing iTunes files between devices. Port 62078 has a known vulnerability in that a service named lockdownd sits and listens on the iPhone on port 62078. By connecting to this port and speaking the correct protocol, it’s possible to spawn a number of different services on an iPhone or iPad. This port should be blocked or closed when service is not required  on the device. References Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 139 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_139.htm Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 2869 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_2869.html Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 80 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_80.htm Gibson, S. (n.d.). GRC | Port Authority, for Internet Port 9101 . Retrieved October 10, 2014, from https://www.grc.com/port_9101.html HP Support document – HP Support Center. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://h20565.www2.hp.com/portal/site/hpsc/template.PAGE/public/kb/docDisplay/?sp4ts.oid=412144&spf_p.tpst=kbDocDisplay&spf_p.prp_kbDocDisplay=wsrp-navigationalState%3DdocId%253Demr_na-c02480766-2%257CdocLocale%253D%257CcalledBy%253D&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken HP Support document – HP Support Center. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://h20566.www2.hp.com/portal/site/hpsc/template.PAGE/public/kb/docDisplay?docId=bps53634&ac.admitted=1413144875821.876444892.199480143 Network Printer Ports. (2003, March 28). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc728404(v=ws.10).aspx networking – Is port 139 still vulnerable? – Server Fault. (2009, June 20). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://serverfault.com/questions/29065/is-port-139-still-vulnerable Port 5357 TCP on Windows 7 professional 64 bit? – Super User. (2009, October 18). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://superuser.com/questions/56781/port-5357-tcp-on-windows-7-professional-64-bit Port 62078 (tcp/udp) :: SpeedGuide.net. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://www.speedguide.net/port.php?port=62078 Port 6839 (tcp/udp) – Online TCP UDP port finder – adminsub.net. (2014, August 26). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from http://www.adminsubne t.net/tcp-udp-port-finder/6839 Port 7435 (tcp/udp) – Online TCP UDP port finder – adminsub.net. (2014, August 26).

What Is Encomienda System Essays

What Is Encomienda System Essays What Is Encomienda System Paper What Is Encomienda System Paper The encomienda system was a trusteeship labor system employed by the Spanish crown during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines in order to consolidate their conquests. Conquistadors were granted trusteeship over the indigenous people they conquered, in an expansion of familiar medieval feudal institutions, notably the commendation ceremony, which had been established in New Castile during the Reconquista. The encomiendo system differed from the developed form of feudalism in that it did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero; Indian lands were to remain in their possession, a right that was formally protected by the Crown of Castile because at the beginning of the Conquest most of the rights of administration in the new lands went to the Castilian Queen. These were laws that the Crown attempted to impose in all of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and in the Philippines. The maximum size of an encomienda was three hundred Indians, though it rarely reached near to that number. The encomenderos had the authorization to tax the people under their care and to summon them for labor, but they were not given juridical authority. In return, the encomenderos were expected to maintain order through an established military and to provide teachings in Catholicism. The little respect that the Europeans had for the Amerindians, however, helped corrupt the system rather quickly. So, what was supposed to assist in the evangelization of the Natives and in the creation of a stable society became a blatant tool of oppression. The Crown established the encomienda system in Hispaniola in May 1493. And while it reserved the right of revoking an encomienda from the hands of an unjust encomendero, it rarely did. In the papal bull Inter caetera (1493, the Borgia Pope Alexander VI had granted the western newly found lands to the Castilian Crown, on the condition that it evangelize these new lands. By this he allocated everything discovered by Columbus to the Crown of Castile, on the condition that the monarchs set about propagating the Christian faith there, and provided the lands concerned†¦Because the ultimate title of the Amerindians land lay with the Castilian Crown, the system in the New World differed in that it did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero. Amerindian lands were to remain in their possession, a right that was formally protected by the Crown of Castiles initial title. [5]. These were laws that the Crown attempted to impose in all of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and in the Philippines.

The Admissions Process at Liberty University

The Admissions Process at Liberty University Liberty University is generally a selective school, but this is due to the large applicant pool. Only around a quarter of applicants are admitted. Students will, in general, need strong grades and high test scores to be admitted to Liberty. Application requirements include an application form, SAT or ACT scores, high school transcripts, and a personal essay. For more information, feel free to contact the admissions office. Admissions Data Liberty University Acceptance Rate: 24%GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Liberty AdmissionsTest Scores: 25th/75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 480/600SAT Math: 470/ 90SAT Writing: - / -ACT Composite: 21/28ACT English: 2/28ACT Math: 19/27 Liberty University Description Founded by Jerry Falwell and grounded in evangelical Christian values, Liberty University takes pride in being the worlds largest Christian university. The residential campus of about 12,000 students is located in Lynchburg, Virginia. The university enrolls another 50,000 online and has set a goal to increase that number significantly in the future. Students come from all 50 states and 70 countries. Undergraduates can choose from 135 areas of study. Liberty has a 23 to 1Â  student/faculty ratio. All faculty are non-tenured. Liberty is not for everyone. This Christ-centered school embraces political conservatism, prohibits alcohol and tobacco use, requires chapel three times weekly, and enforces a modest dress code and curfew. The university is a common speaking venue for conservative political candidates. In athletics, the Liberty University Flames compete in the NCAA Division IÂ  Big South Conference. The school fields 20 varsity teams. Enrollment Total enrollment in 2016: 75,756Â  (47,050Â  undergraduates)Gender breakdown: 42% Male / 58% Female58% Full-time Costs Tuition and fees (2016-2017): $21,292Books: $1,771Room and board: $8,963Other expenses: $5,619Total cost: $37,645 Financial Aid Percentage of new students receiving ad (2015-2016): 96%Percentage of new students receiving aidGrants: 95%Loans: 57%Average amount of aidGrants: $10,768Loans: $7,005 Academic Programs Most popular majors:Â  Accounting, Business, Criminal Justice, Interdisciplinary Studies, Nursing, Psychology, Religion Transfer, Graduation, and Retention Rates First-year student retention (full-time students): 83%Transfer out rate: 21%4-Year Graduation rate: 32%6-Year Graduation rate: 54% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:Â  football, tennis, track and field, baseball, cross country, basketball, golf, soccerWomens Sports:Â  basketball, field hockey, volleyball, cross country, lacrosse, softball, soccer, swimming and diving, track and field Source Liberty University. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, 2018.

Christian denomination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Christian denomination - Research Paper Example Though the denominations have a similar origin and are all followers of Christ, their variations arise from their differing views about the bible and its interpretations. A major factor connecting the denominations is the fact that they all rely upon the Bible for guidance, though there may be variations in these Bibles. As such, an example of a Christian denomination is the Jehovah Witnesses that started in the late 1800’s. Charles Taze Russell, who was a child to Joseph and Anna Russell, started this denomination while under bible study class at 18. During his bible studies, he interpreted the bible and came up with the conclusion that there was no such thing as the Holy Trinity and, on this, he started organizing himself to mobilize others who shared similar ideas. Moreover, he broke away from his then church as his views differed with what was spread by his church. Apart from this, he was also of the idea that hell fire was nonexistent and did not buy the idea that Christ was a deity. In the course of popularizing his ideas, he started publishing magazines and journals mostly countering other denominations, and by 1884, after gaining much foot, he came up with The Watchtower and established Watch Tower Tract Society that later transformed into the present Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (Butalia 123). This assisted in the denominations publications that were mainly biased upon Russell’s ideas, as he was the sole author, and his main motive was to make his ideas known. Moreover, he organized denominational congregations where the followers received continuous teachings and Bible interpretations. This went on until his death in 1916. Upon Russell’s death, the society, which was then under the name International Bible Students Association due to its composition of bible study students, was taken over by Joseph Franklin. Joseph had the eccentricity of Russell, and he too made various controversial decisions while reigning at the society . This led to further split in the society but Joseph was unrelenting in his thoughts. Despite this, he retained the majority of followers. In light of this, in 1931, he changed its name to Jehovah’s Witnesses, a name that stuck to date. After the passing on of Joseph, the society went under the leadership of various personalities such as Nathan Knorr and William Franz in the course of its transformational journey (Butalia 145). Nathan was accredited with commissioning a new Bible translation and incorporating policies that enabled for continued growth worldwide. Others who have graced the management of the society include Milton Herschel and Don Adams, through which the denomination has grown in leaps and bounds, transforming under each individual leadership. The early and founding leadership of the society was well known for their penchant for coming up with chronologies that tried to predict the dates that the world would end. After a series of uneventful episodes and disa ppointments, the society abandoned the culture of trying to figure out the end of the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses are involved in a variety of practices that set them apart from the rest of the denominations. Their main practice is evangelism, which they mainly carry out on a door-to-door basis. Their principles are based upon their interpretation of the Bible, which at times differ from other Christians. A main point of divergence between Jehovah’s Witnesses and other Christians is their denial of the holy trinity and view that hell is nonexistent. They are not